History of Border Patrol in the US

History of Border Patrol in the US Introduction Turn on the television today and one of the stories popular in the media is President Trump’s border wall which is aimed at curbing crimes. One of the crimes in question is illegal immigration primarily along the southern border.   To members of Congress, Mexico presents a threat to the United States. Although, in a broad sense, this can be perceived as unfair, or even unjust; however, from a perspective of breaking U.S. immigration laws, there is a justifiable reason for the perception.   Every year the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) apprehends millions of individuals who enter the United States illegally. Of those â€Å"apprehensions 90% were made along the United States–Mexico border† (Guerette, & Clarke, 2005, p 161).   The Southern Border has been the focus of political debate for years. Since the early 90’s, border enforcement along the border has increased dramatically in terms of manpower, and budget. The amount of money spent on border patrol has the annual budget of the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has increased from â€Å"$363 million to more than $3.8 billion† (The Cost, 2007, p. 1).   Ã‚  Operating with over sixty thousand employees, Customs and Border Patrol has the important task of securing the homeland by enforcing laws and depriving access of weapons and terrorists access to the U.S.   Impressively the agency can accomplish this mission without disrupting international travel and trade (About, 2018).   The following paper focuses on a brief history of Customs and Border Patrol and their role in diverting illegal immigration, and methods used to keep America safe. A Brief History Even though it was the early 1900’s, the United States still had an influx of immigration.   Men apart of the U.S. Immigration Service defended the border to deter unlawful border passing. This was not a permanent mission as patrols were only conducted when man power and assets were available (Border, 2017). Understanding something needed to be done to keep track of these individuals, Congress passed the 1907 Immigration Act.   This law required all immigrants and non-citizens to enter the United States at designated ports of entry. The law tightened down border measures by making it mandatory each person had to be inspected and receive authorization by a border inspector that they are clear to enter (Hernandez, 2010, p 1).   However, the very foundation of the Customs and Border Patrol began in the late 1700’s when Congress introduced several acts aimed at applying Tariffs.   The agency was authorized by the President to enforce health and quarantine laws in 17 96. In 1798, authorization was given to deport foreigners who were deemed dangerous. In 1819, all ships arriving into the United States were required to be inspected by customs officials called collector of customs. Immigration was rapidly evolving and customs services had to keep up.   In 1853, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol to patrol by riding horses along the borders; primarily locating individuals who were trying to dodge custom collections or come into the country illegally.   With Congress increasing the number of tariffs it was evident that more people were required to enforce the laws (Timeline, 2018). Congress was passing new immigration laws at an increasing rate and needed them enforced at the border.   Spanning just a few decades, laws were passed to ban â€Å"lunatics, idiots, convicts, those liable to public charges† (Hernandez, 2010, p 36). A few years later, Congress deemed epileptics, anarchists, and women who were prostitutes were not to be admitte d into the United States. In 1917, Congress had banned all people of Asian descent from entering the United States. In In 1924, Congress decided with it was time to tighten the border security and created the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The agency was tasked with administering migration laws by averting unsanctioned boundary exploitations by patrolling designated regional limits. They were given law enforcement powers with the ability to detect and arrest people who were deemed to be illegal (Hernandez, 2010, p 2). The outfit was later renamed Bureau of Customs and held that name to the early 1970’s. It was then renamed Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol (1789, 2013).     Today their mission is much the same. They are responsible for securing the boundaries of the nation and upholding laws dealing with citizens and immigrants entering the United States. The mission of U.S. Customs and Border Patrols is never-ending.   Role in Immigration   When people think of immigration they tend to automatically think of illegal immigration. The Border Patrol plays a key role in both legal and illegal immigration.  Ã‚   To individuals who have not encountered, nor have experience with the U.S. immigration process, this can be daunting and confusing.   Foreign individuals can enter the U.S. for either short-term or long-term periods depending on visa status.   Border Patrol plays a crucial role in screening and determining if these foreign individuals may enter the U.S.   Each year there are over 200 million entries under the visa waiver program alone. Border Patrol must accomplish their mission of immigration screening without deterring tourism and future investors.   Border Patrol in 2017 alone, processed over four hundred million travellers’ through U.S. ports of entry. This equated to over two hundred million people by land; a hundred million by air; and eighteen million by sea. Interestingly, even if a visa has been issued to the individual, it is ultimately Border Patrols decision on whether to admit the individual.   In an average year, 8 million people with visas come to the United States; however, Border Patrol rejects around 2 million of these individuals (Aiden, 2012, p 111). Even with all these rejections, illegal immigration is a continuous and growing problem today that has been going on for years. The late 80’s was the time period in the United States that saw a vast increase in illegal immigration from Mexico, primarily fueled by an economic crisis that halted the growth of the economy and reduced the number of jobs available in their homeland.   (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Illegal immigration was so serious that apprehensions rose from â€Å"1 million annually in the 80’s to over 2 million at the end of the 90s† (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Initially the problem was just viewed as annoying; however, that perception quickly evolved into concern on the basis of security. States such as California were concerned with the increase in illegal immigrants and reached out to Congress for assistance.   This led states such as California, Arizona, and Texas to engage in an escalation of the force of armed personnel along the southern border (Alden, 2012, p. 110).  Ã‚   Of all the immigrants coming to the United States, over four hundred thousand individuals were caugh t trying to enter the country illegally outside the official port of entry (Immigration, 2015, p1).   Ã‚  These people who do not come in the official ports of entry give Border Patrol a run for their money. Border Patrol has a much harder job to perform as individuals who are not tracked slip under the radar.  Ã‚   According to Ngai (2010), â€Å"it is now estimated that over 12 million people in the United States, over a third of the foreign-born population, is not in legal immigration status† (pg. 93).  Ã‚   The United States has never been more proactive under the current administration in dealing with the problem with illegal immigration.   In 2017, over 700,000 Mexicans were deported from the U.S. This number is enormous and for good reason, as â€Å"one hundred thousand removals is the worldwide total† (Ngai, 2010, p 98).   Congress have prioritized this issue and increased Border Patrols budget immensely.   The spending alone has tripled from 2003-2006 with an annual budget of just under 4 billion dollars.   Honestly, the agency needs every cent as they are tasked with enforcing immigration laws and patrolling over 700 miles along the southern border. With the extra funding, drones have been utilized with infra-red and heat technologies.   The number of CBP agents has also tripled to a congressionally mandated 21, 500; the number of ports of entries increased by thousands, and the number of ICE agents has tripled since 2016 (Cost, 2017, p 2).   Ã‚  Unfortunately, even with all this attention to the southern border, it is not enough to deter immigration. On an average day, there is over 3 deaths along the border as a result of attempting to enter the U.S. illegally (The cost, 2017, p 1). Furthermore, congress has become more proactive in deportation and removal of illegal immigrants. So much that funding for the Customs Enforcement agency increased by eighty percent. With the increase in funding, more agents were added to the mission with â€Å"the number of apprehensions more than doubled and the number of interior removals increased by three-fold† (Amudeo and Lopez, 2017, p120). The increase in captures is identified as an increase in information sharing between apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants which has since been a standard in every jurisdiction. One may ask why are so many people from Mexico attempting to risk everything and come to the United States? The answer is follow the money.   The wages in the United States are over four times high on average than those in Mexico.   Over the years, Border Patrol has changed immensely. As immigration laws change, they must adjust and enforce the new laws. As new Presidents come into office they also must accommodate their beliefs.   The modernization of immigration enforcement has smart borders at the ports of entry in Canada and Mexico. Computers make life easier to include immigration enforcement. President Trump has a border wall on the table with Congress allocating over 2. 5 billion for border security to include construction of a physical wall which is seen as the most extreme version of an enforcement strategy to â€Å"to reduce illegal immigration in the United States† (Aiden, 2017, p 483).   Today the Border Patrol has close to sixty thousand agents along the southern border. With the recent approval by President Trump to deploy the National Guard to defend the southern border, the security of the nation is increased.   Deterrence has also played a valuable part in border security to thwart illegal immigration. With the U.S. ending the era of ‘catch and release’ it lets knows people who are considering committing the act that their actions can result in jail time and felony prosecutions. One argument however with the change in protocols and the multibillion-dollar wall is whether they will work, or if it’s even worth it. When the President approved the Consolidated Appropriation Act, construction of approximately 100 miles of new border were began. Even with the high-tech wall, its effectiveness is still challenged. Statistics have shown that Mexico â€Å"ceased to be the route of choice for those seeking to enter the United States and remain illegally. Increasingly, the easiest path into the country has been to arrive on a legal visa and then simply remain after the period of admission has expired.† (Aiden, 2017, p 487).   The main perpetrators of illegal immigration are in fact visa overstayers.   Employment in the United States of ille gal immigrants has been a sensitive issue with the citizens of this country. Big penalties exist for citizens who do not verify the eligibility of their workers. Congress has mandated the use of the networked database called E-Verify. Anyone who wants to work in the United States needs to have a background check and be entered in the E-Verify work authorization system by employers. This program confirms eligibility within minutes. Border Patrol after 9/11 On the morning of September, the 11th 2001, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol functions were put to the ultimate test. In the midst of chaos, the organization stepped up with other federal agencies to secure the nation. Operation Safe Passage was formed requiring an increase in Customs officers at all important ports of entry. This was a daunting time. Agents were working over 18 hours a day. Seven days a week to inspect flights and cargo from ships coming into the United States.   Within days, things intensified with President Bush and Congress creating the Homeland Security office as well as the Homeland Security Act which required provided Border Patrol with more power to enforce customs, immigration and agricultural laws. The changes entailed seizing contraband, greater powers in determining admissibility, apprehending illegal immigrants, and â€Å"protecting our agricultural interests from pests and diseases and collecting duties and fees† (Remembering, 2017).   The Customs and Border Patrol is a multi-facet organization that constantly is on the lookout for child exploitation, goods and drugs smuggling, and the detection and prevention of terrorism. With any one of the millions of visitors coming to the United States each day, it seems like a relentless never-ending task.   Luckily for the citizens of the nation, Border Patrol is equipped with the manpower, technology and undying patriotism of defending the nation and constitution of the United States. Just months after the heinous terror attack, Border Patrol implemented the Container Security Initiative Program which focused on determining the safety of containers from foreign ports before they reached the United States. This was accomplished by sending Agents to host countries and working closely with foreign governments.   This program proved to be so successful that it now is operating at over 80 ports in multiple countries (CSI, 2014).   Ã‚  The Customs and Border Patrol has many hurdles to overcome. They have the unique job of staying vigilant while at the same time, appear welcoming. Challenges   Perhaps one of the biggest hurdles Customs and Border Patrol encounters is enforcing immigration laws, identifying threats and potential terrorists with minimal interruption to economic incentives. According to Stana (2003), â€Å"Achieving the balance between security and commercial needs is greatly affected by commercial and border and immigration control Workload† (p 1).   On any given day Border Patrol must select and examine any shipment deemed high risk; however, at the same time must clear the cargo in an efficient and timely manner. Time is money and when that money equates to trillions of dollars per year, Customs and Border Patrol has a very serious task indeed.  Ã‚   The continuous stress knowing that if they missed one weapon of mass destruction or let one individual who was able to perform grave damage is a realism the agents must face.   The Agents must be aware that their actions can disturb potential investors coming to the United States and affect tourism. They must be able to perform their vital task without disrupting the smooth influx of positive reinforcement to the nations delicate economy.  Ã‚   Arguably Trumps’ Border wall imposes such a restriction. If it is not done correctly, â€Å"it could result in a small investment in terror into massive disruption of daily life that has a clear and adverse effect on the U.S. and overall global economy† (Flynn, 2004). To offset some of these problems, Border Patrol partners with other agencies and private sector entities with the purpose of fortifying international supply chains. The increased trust between agencies also adds to the information sharing and reporting with PCII protections in place for the private sector.   With increased trust, comes increased reward and is the foundation of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) network. As discussed earlier, increased security and detection can slow down the economy. The CTPAT works on trust and strict provisions. Border Patrol enters an agreement with partners of the supply chain ultimately exposing security gaps and allowing for the implementation of corrections.   This program is essential as it significantly reduces the number of Customs and Border Patrol examinations, shortens the waiting times at the port of entry, and a plethora of rewards as being a trusted partner of the Customs and Border Patrol.  Ã‚   With over twenty thousand partners, this program has been an enormous success aiding in the U.S. economy at the same time as keeping the nation safe (CPAT, 2018). Before this program cargo was inspected upon arrival. With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Patrol is the lead agency to protect the nation from threats that may come into the ports.   Programs such as the ones mentioned positively affect the economy by streamlining processes.   By being more efficient helps bolster economic needs of the nation; however, there are other ways they help the economy. The U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are constantly on alert for people and goods smuggling. Smuggled goods enter the U.S. with no duties paid which allows for criminals to sell them at a much cheaper price. This lack of regulation leads to the loss of revenue to the government as no tax is paid. Legitimate business struggle to compete with knock off which ultimately leads to job loss.   Items such as medications which have not been FDA approved can be harmful to the population as their ingredients cannot be guaranteed. Smuggling is such a serious problem. In 2014, over 80 % of the 80,000 firearms seized in Mexico were from the United States. Furthermore, billions of dollars are smuggled across the border into Mexico which can depreciate the currency. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are America’s front line on tackling this issue. Modernization   With the implementation of networks between agencies, and information sharing abilities, the U.S. Border security has become ‘smarter’.   Biometric technology which is comprised of retina and finger print scanners are being utilized at all ports of entry which confirms if an individual is legally allowed to enter the United States, and if they are a known threat.   With such technology in place, combined with increased border agents and drone technology; this all is an effort to divert anyone thinking of committing illegal immigration. Technology such as facial recognition is being introduced in pilot programs to test their effectiveness at ports of entry and even in moving vehicles. Kiosks assigned with passport scanning abilities are being implanted in some airports. When entering the port of entry into the United States, it is not uncommon to see individuals utilizing their smart phones with their electronic passport application opened.   U.S. Customs and Border Patrol also use an application themselves to detect illegal activity and improve the safety of officers (Powerful, 2018).    Conclusion   It can not be overstated the importance of the role the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol plays in the physical and economical safety of the nation. The agency has come along way from its horse patrolling days with only a few men; however, its mission has stayed the same- to protect the United States. When ever Congress deemed it necessary to create a new law, the Customs and Border Patrol were there to implement and regulate them.   The threats in the world do not remain static, the agency knows this and adjusts accordingly. Modernization of techniques and technology have allowed the Customs and Border Patrol to stay vigilant and streamlined.   In 2018 alone, over 32, 000lbs of cocaine has been seized, 290,000lbs of marijuana, 360 gang members apprehended, and 289,000 people have been turned around at the border (CBP, 2018).   Considering that it is only 4 months into 2018, the agency has worked extremely hard this year alone.   As long as America is a prosperous nation it will be targeted by people who are in less fortunate situations. This reason alone is why it is doubtful illegal immigration will cease. The same logic can be applied to smuggling. People will always try to exploit the system. Fortunately for the law-abiding citizens of the country, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol is there step up to the plate and protect the borders. References About CBP | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about Alden, E. (2012). Immigration And Border Control. Cato Journal, 32(1), 107-124. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/921128623?accountid=8289 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Lopez, M. J. (2017). The Hidden Educational Costs of Intensified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), 120-154. doi:10.1002/soej.1220 Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history CBP Enforcement Statistics FY2018 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics CSI: Container Security Initiative | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2014). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat Flynn. Stephen. E (2004). Rethinking the Role of the U.S. Mexican Border in the Post-9/11 World. (2018). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/rethinking-role-us-mexican-border-post-911-world Guerette, R. T., & Clarke, R. V. (2005). Border enforcement, organized crime, and deaths of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   smuggled migrants on the united states Mexico border. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11(2), 159-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1007/s10609-005-6716-z Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra: a history of the u. s. border patrol. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu Immigration Enforcement Along U.S. Borders and at Ports of Entry: Federal, State, and Local Efforts. (2015). Pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/immigration-enforcement-along-us-borders-and-at-ports-of-entry Ngai, M.   (2010). The civil rights origins of illegal immigration. International Labor and Working Class History, 78(1), 93-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1017/S0147547910000141 Powerful app speeds detection, heightens awareness | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/powerful-app-speeds-detection-heightens-awareness Remembering Two 9/11s | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13    April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/history-leads-to-the-present/remembering-two-911s Stana, Richard (2003). Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland Gao.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-902T The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security. (2017). American Immigration Council. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/the-cost-of-immigration-  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcement-and-border-security Timeline | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/timeline 1789: First Congress Provides for Customs Administration (2013) Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April    2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/1789-first-congress-provides-customs-  administration History of Border Patrol in the US History of Border Patrol in the US Introduction Turn on the television today and one of the stories popular in the media is President Trump’s border wall which is aimed at curbing crimes. One of the crimes in question is illegal immigration primarily along the southern border.   To members of Congress, Mexico presents a threat to the United States. Although, in a broad sense, this can be perceived as unfair, or even unjust; however, from a perspective of breaking U.S. immigration laws, there is a justifiable reason for the perception.   Every year the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) apprehends millions of individuals who enter the United States illegally. Of those â€Å"apprehensions 90% were made along the United States–Mexico border† (Guerette, & Clarke, 2005, p 161).   The Southern Border has been the focus of political debate for years. Since the early 90’s, border enforcement along the border has increased dramatically in terms of manpower, and budget. The amount of money spent on border patrol has the annual budget of the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol has increased from â€Å"$363 million to more than $3.8 billion† (The Cost, 2007, p. 1).   Ã‚  Operating with over sixty thousand employees, Customs and Border Patrol has the important task of securing the homeland by enforcing laws and depriving access of weapons and terrorists access to the U.S.   Impressively the agency can accomplish this mission without disrupting international travel and trade (About, 2018).   The following paper focuses on a brief history of Customs and Border Patrol and their role in diverting illegal immigration, and methods used to keep America safe. A Brief History Even though it was the early 1900’s, the United States still had an influx of immigration.   Men apart of the U.S. Immigration Service defended the border to deter unlawful border passing. This was not a permanent mission as patrols were only conducted when man power and assets were available (Border, 2017). Understanding something needed to be done to keep track of these individuals, Congress passed the 1907 Immigration Act.   This law required all immigrants and non-citizens to enter the United States at designated ports of entry. The law tightened down border measures by making it mandatory each person had to be inspected and receive authorization by a border inspector that they are clear to enter (Hernandez, 2010, p 1).   However, the very foundation of the Customs and Border Patrol began in the late 1700’s when Congress introduced several acts aimed at applying Tariffs.   The agency was authorized by the President to enforce health and quarantine laws in 17 96. In 1798, authorization was given to deport foreigners who were deemed dangerous. In 1819, all ships arriving into the United States were required to be inspected by customs officials called collector of customs. Immigration was rapidly evolving and customs services had to keep up.   In 1853, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol to patrol by riding horses along the borders; primarily locating individuals who were trying to dodge custom collections or come into the country illegally.   With Congress increasing the number of tariffs it was evident that more people were required to enforce the laws (Timeline, 2018). Congress was passing new immigration laws at an increasing rate and needed them enforced at the border.   Spanning just a few decades, laws were passed to ban â€Å"lunatics, idiots, convicts, those liable to public charges† (Hernandez, 2010, p 36). A few years later, Congress deemed epileptics, anarchists, and women who were prostitutes were not to be admitte d into the United States. In 1917, Congress had banned all people of Asian descent from entering the United States. In In 1924, Congress decided with it was time to tighten the border security and created the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The agency was tasked with administering migration laws by averting unsanctioned boundary exploitations by patrolling designated regional limits. They were given law enforcement powers with the ability to detect and arrest people who were deemed to be illegal (Hernandez, 2010, p 2). The outfit was later renamed Bureau of Customs and held that name to the early 1970’s. It was then renamed Bureau of Customs and Border Patrol (1789, 2013).     Today their mission is much the same. They are responsible for securing the boundaries of the nation and upholding laws dealing with citizens and immigrants entering the United States. The mission of U.S. Customs and Border Patrols is never-ending.   Role in Immigration   When people think of immigration they tend to automatically think of illegal immigration. The Border Patrol plays a key role in both legal and illegal immigration.  Ã‚   To individuals who have not encountered, nor have experience with the U.S. immigration process, this can be daunting and confusing.   Foreign individuals can enter the U.S. for either short-term or long-term periods depending on visa status.   Border Patrol plays a crucial role in screening and determining if these foreign individuals may enter the U.S.   Each year there are over 200 million entries under the visa waiver program alone. Border Patrol must accomplish their mission of immigration screening without deterring tourism and future investors.   Border Patrol in 2017 alone, processed over four hundred million travellers’ through U.S. ports of entry. This equated to over two hundred million people by land; a hundred million by air; and eighteen million by sea. Interestingly, even if a visa has been issued to the individual, it is ultimately Border Patrols decision on whether to admit the individual.   In an average year, 8 million people with visas come to the United States; however, Border Patrol rejects around 2 million of these individuals (Aiden, 2012, p 111). Even with all these rejections, illegal immigration is a continuous and growing problem today that has been going on for years. The late 80’s was the time period in the United States that saw a vast increase in illegal immigration from Mexico, primarily fueled by an economic crisis that halted the growth of the economy and reduced the number of jobs available in their homeland.   (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Illegal immigration was so serious that apprehensions rose from â€Å"1 million annually in the 80’s to over 2 million at the end of the 90s† (Alden, 2012, p. 110). Initially the problem was just viewed as annoying; however, that perception quickly evolved into concern on the basis of security. States such as California were concerned with the increase in illegal immigrants and reached out to Congress for assistance.   This led states such as California, Arizona, and Texas to engage in an escalation of the force of armed personnel along the southern border (Alden, 2012, p. 110).  Ã‚   Of all the immigrants coming to the United States, over four hundred thousand individuals were caugh t trying to enter the country illegally outside the official port of entry (Immigration, 2015, p1).   Ã‚  These people who do not come in the official ports of entry give Border Patrol a run for their money. Border Patrol has a much harder job to perform as individuals who are not tracked slip under the radar.  Ã‚   According to Ngai (2010), â€Å"it is now estimated that over 12 million people in the United States, over a third of the foreign-born population, is not in legal immigration status† (pg. 93).  Ã‚   The United States has never been more proactive under the current administration in dealing with the problem with illegal immigration.   In 2017, over 700,000 Mexicans were deported from the U.S. This number is enormous and for good reason, as â€Å"one hundred thousand removals is the worldwide total† (Ngai, 2010, p 98).   Congress have prioritized this issue and increased Border Patrols budget immensely.   The spending alone has tripled from 2003-2006 with an annual budget of just under 4 billion dollars.   Honestly, the agency needs every cent as they are tasked with enforcing immigration laws and patrolling over 700 miles along the southern border. With the extra funding, drones have been utilized with infra-red and heat technologies.   The number of CBP agents has also tripled to a congressionally mandated 21, 500; the number of ports of entries increased by thousands, and the number of ICE agents has tripled since 2016 (Cost, 2017, p 2).   Ã‚  Unfortunately, even with all this attention to the southern border, it is not enough to deter immigration. On an average day, there is over 3 deaths along the border as a result of attempting to enter the U.S. illegally (The cost, 2017, p 1). Furthermore, congress has become more proactive in deportation and removal of illegal immigrants. So much that funding for the Customs Enforcement agency increased by eighty percent. With the increase in funding, more agents were added to the mission with â€Å"the number of apprehensions more than doubled and the number of interior removals increased by three-fold† (Amudeo and Lopez, 2017, p120). The increase in captures is identified as an increase in information sharing between apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants which has since been a standard in every jurisdiction. One may ask why are so many people from Mexico attempting to risk everything and come to the United States? The answer is follow the money.   The wages in the United States are over four times high on average than those in Mexico.   Over the years, Border Patrol has changed immensely. As immigration laws change, they must adjust and enforce the new laws. As new Presidents come into office they also must accommodate their beliefs.   The modernization of immigration enforcement has smart borders at the ports of entry in Canada and Mexico. Computers make life easier to include immigration enforcement. President Trump has a border wall on the table with Congress allocating over 2. 5 billion for border security to include construction of a physical wall which is seen as the most extreme version of an enforcement strategy to â€Å"to reduce illegal immigration in the United States† (Aiden, 2017, p 483).   Today the Border Patrol has close to sixty thousand agents along the southern border. With the recent approval by President Trump to deploy the National Guard to defend the southern border, the security of the nation is increased.   Deterrence has also played a valuable part in border security to thwart illegal immigration. With the U.S. ending the era of ‘catch and release’ it lets knows people who are considering committing the act that their actions can result in jail time and felony prosecutions. One argument however with the change in protocols and the multibillion-dollar wall is whether they will work, or if it’s even worth it. When the President approved the Consolidated Appropriation Act, construction of approximately 100 miles of new border were began. Even with the high-tech wall, its effectiveness is still challenged. Statistics have shown that Mexico â€Å"ceased to be the route of choice for those seeking to enter the United States and remain illegally. Increasingly, the easiest path into the country has been to arrive on a legal visa and then simply remain after the period of admission has expired.† (Aiden, 2017, p 487).   The main perpetrators of illegal immigration are in fact visa overstayers.   Employment in the United States of ille gal immigrants has been a sensitive issue with the citizens of this country. Big penalties exist for citizens who do not verify the eligibility of their workers. Congress has mandated the use of the networked database called E-Verify. Anyone who wants to work in the United States needs to have a background check and be entered in the E-Verify work authorization system by employers. This program confirms eligibility within minutes. Border Patrol after 9/11 On the morning of September, the 11th 2001, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol functions were put to the ultimate test. In the midst of chaos, the organization stepped up with other federal agencies to secure the nation. Operation Safe Passage was formed requiring an increase in Customs officers at all important ports of entry. This was a daunting time. Agents were working over 18 hours a day. Seven days a week to inspect flights and cargo from ships coming into the United States.   Within days, things intensified with President Bush and Congress creating the Homeland Security office as well as the Homeland Security Act which required provided Border Patrol with more power to enforce customs, immigration and agricultural laws. The changes entailed seizing contraband, greater powers in determining admissibility, apprehending illegal immigrants, and â€Å"protecting our agricultural interests from pests and diseases and collecting duties and fees† (Remembering, 2017).   The Customs and Border Patrol is a multi-facet organization that constantly is on the lookout for child exploitation, goods and drugs smuggling, and the detection and prevention of terrorism. With any one of the millions of visitors coming to the United States each day, it seems like a relentless never-ending task.   Luckily for the citizens of the nation, Border Patrol is equipped with the manpower, technology and undying patriotism of defending the nation and constitution of the United States. Just months after the heinous terror attack, Border Patrol implemented the Container Security Initiative Program which focused on determining the safety of containers from foreign ports before they reached the United States. This was accomplished by sending Agents to host countries and working closely with foreign governments.   This program proved to be so successful that it now is operating at over 80 ports in multiple countries (CSI, 2014).   Ã‚  The Customs and Border Patrol has many hurdles to overcome. They have the unique job of staying vigilant while at the same time, appear welcoming. Challenges   Perhaps one of the biggest hurdles Customs and Border Patrol encounters is enforcing immigration laws, identifying threats and potential terrorists with minimal interruption to economic incentives. According to Stana (2003), â€Å"Achieving the balance between security and commercial needs is greatly affected by commercial and border and immigration control Workload† (p 1).   On any given day Border Patrol must select and examine any shipment deemed high risk; however, at the same time must clear the cargo in an efficient and timely manner. Time is money and when that money equates to trillions of dollars per year, Customs and Border Patrol has a very serious task indeed.  Ã‚   The continuous stress knowing that if they missed one weapon of mass destruction or let one individual who was able to perform grave damage is a realism the agents must face.   The Agents must be aware that their actions can disturb potential investors coming to the United States and affect tourism. They must be able to perform their vital task without disrupting the smooth influx of positive reinforcement to the nations delicate economy.  Ã‚   Arguably Trumps’ Border wall imposes such a restriction. If it is not done correctly, â€Å"it could result in a small investment in terror into massive disruption of daily life that has a clear and adverse effect on the U.S. and overall global economy† (Flynn, 2004). To offset some of these problems, Border Patrol partners with other agencies and private sector entities with the purpose of fortifying international supply chains. The increased trust between agencies also adds to the information sharing and reporting with PCII protections in place for the private sector.   With increased trust, comes increased reward and is the foundation of the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (CTPAT) network. As discussed earlier, increased security and detection can slow down the economy. The CTPAT works on trust and strict provisions. Border Patrol enters an agreement with partners of the supply chain ultimately exposing security gaps and allowing for the implementation of corrections.   This program is essential as it significantly reduces the number of Customs and Border Patrol examinations, shortens the waiting times at the port of entry, and a plethora of rewards as being a trusted partner of the Customs and Border Patrol.  Ã‚   With over twenty thousand partners, this program has been an enormous success aiding in the U.S. economy at the same time as keeping the nation safe (CPAT, 2018). Before this program cargo was inspected upon arrival. With the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Patrol is the lead agency to protect the nation from threats that may come into the ports.   Programs such as the ones mentioned positively affect the economy by streamlining processes.   By being more efficient helps bolster economic needs of the nation; however, there are other ways they help the economy. The U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are constantly on alert for people and goods smuggling. Smuggled goods enter the U.S. with no duties paid which allows for criminals to sell them at a much cheaper price. This lack of regulation leads to the loss of revenue to the government as no tax is paid. Legitimate business struggle to compete with knock off which ultimately leads to job loss.   Items such as medications which have not been FDA approved can be harmful to the population as their ingredients cannot be guaranteed. Smuggling is such a serious problem. In 2014, over 80 % of the 80,000 firearms seized in Mexico were from the United States. Furthermore, billions of dollars are smuggled across the border into Mexico which can depreciate the currency. U.S. Customs and Border Patrol are America’s front line on tackling this issue. Modernization   With the implementation of networks between agencies, and information sharing abilities, the U.S. Border security has become ‘smarter’.   Biometric technology which is comprised of retina and finger print scanners are being utilized at all ports of entry which confirms if an individual is legally allowed to enter the United States, and if they are a known threat.   With such technology in place, combined with increased border agents and drone technology; this all is an effort to divert anyone thinking of committing illegal immigration. Technology such as facial recognition is being introduced in pilot programs to test their effectiveness at ports of entry and even in moving vehicles. Kiosks assigned with passport scanning abilities are being implanted in some airports. When entering the port of entry into the United States, it is not uncommon to see individuals utilizing their smart phones with their electronic passport application opened.   U.S. Customs and Border Patrol also use an application themselves to detect illegal activity and improve the safety of officers (Powerful, 2018).    Conclusion   It can not be overstated the importance of the role the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol plays in the physical and economical safety of the nation. The agency has come along way from its horse patrolling days with only a few men; however, its mission has stayed the same- to protect the United States. When ever Congress deemed it necessary to create a new law, the Customs and Border Patrol were there to implement and regulate them.   The threats in the world do not remain static, the agency knows this and adjusts accordingly. Modernization of techniques and technology have allowed the Customs and Border Patrol to stay vigilant and streamlined.   In 2018 alone, over 32, 000lbs of cocaine has been seized, 290,000lbs of marijuana, 360 gang members apprehended, and 289,000 people have been turned around at the border (CBP, 2018).   Considering that it is only 4 months into 2018, the agency has worked extremely hard this year alone.   As long as America is a prosperous nation it will be targeted by people who are in less fortunate situations. This reason alone is why it is doubtful illegal immigration will cease. The same logic can be applied to smuggling. People will always try to exploit the system. Fortunately for the law-abiding citizens of the country, the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol is there step up to the plate and protect the borders. References About CBP | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about Alden, E. (2012). Immigration And Border Control. Cato Journal, 32(1), 107-124. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/921128623?accountid=8289 Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Lopez, M. J. (2017). The Hidden Educational Costs of Intensified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigration Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 84(1), 120-154. doi:10.1002/soej.1220 Border Patrol History | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history CBP Enforcement Statistics FY2018 | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics CSI: Container Security Initiative | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2014). Cbp.gov.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/csi/csi-brief CTPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/cargo-security/ctpat Flynn. Stephen. E (2004). Rethinking the Role of the U.S. Mexican Border in the Post-9/11 World. (2018). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.cfr.org/report/rethinking-role-us-mexican-border-post-911-world Guerette, R. T., & Clarke, R. V. (2005). Border enforcement, organized crime, and deaths of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   smuggled migrants on the united states Mexico border. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11(2), 159-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/10.1007/s10609-005-6716-z Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra: a history of the u. s. border patrol. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu Immigration Enforcement Along U.S. Borders and at Ports of Entry: Federal, State, and Local Efforts. (2015). Pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/02/immigration-enforcement-along-us-borders-and-at-ports-of-entry Ngai, M.   (2010). The civil rights origins of illegal immigration. International Labor and Working Class History, 78(1), 93-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1017/S0147547910000141 Powerful app speeds detection, heightens awareness | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/powerful-app-speeds-detection-heightens-awareness Remembering Two 9/11s | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13    April 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/history-leads-to-the-present/remembering-two-911s Stana, Richard (2003). Homeland Security: Challenges Facing the Department of Homeland Gao.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-902T The Cost of Immigration Enforcement and Border Security. (2017). American Immigration Council. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/the-cost-of-immigration-  Ã‚  Ã‚   enforcement-and-border-security Timeline | U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2018). Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/timeline 1789: First Congress Provides for Customs Administration (2013) Cbp.gov. Retrieved 13 April    2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/about/history/1789-first-congress-provides-customs-  administration

Daniel Defoe

Gallery's Barbarians The alma of Susan Van Canteen Gallagher article, â€Å"Torture and the Novel: J. M. Cotter's ‘Walling for the Barbarians'† Is to untangle further what the book Walling for the Barbarians is saying about the human psyche and how the novel analyzes imperialism. By finding its fear on the issues about ethics and violence and discovering the bounds of human brutality, Waiting for the Barbarians tests humankind and imperialism in several ways. Offering a psychoanalytic debate of Waiting for the Barbarians, this reading concentrates on the Influence of fear in unman psyche and Imperialism self-destructive Influence.How far-offer and anxiety can go and how far affiliates of society can follow a blind power Is the mall fear of this essay. As Cotter's Waiting for the Barbarians is a figurative novel, this essay will try to understand the symbols created in relative to the pressures raised in the novel. The analysis of the accounts raised in the book, may be b roken down into the following mall modules. After gang brief evidence about the writer and the book In the overview, the essay will carry on with observing the characters as targets of theEmpire, which symbolizes the imperialist system. The first object is the barbarian girl, one in which will be studied in relation to her individualism as an outsider and as an enemy of the Empire. The Magistrate as the second victim and his self-journey will be perceived in relative to his calculation to come to be the other. Then in the next section, the Empire as the prey of itself and its self-destructive power will be recognized. At the conclusion, the knack to challenge Issues will be discussed.J_M_ Cottage Is a South African writer born In Cape Town In 1940. In relative to the writers experience, it is important to note that, this essay takes in thought Cotter's objection against imperialism and makes an examination of Waiting for the Barbarians depending on his defiance towards it. I think i n his novel Cottage disapproves of the imaginary unknown Empire and by doing this actually he takes away from Imperialist systems. Waiting for the Barbarians Is a novel about the impression of the torture chamber on the life of a man of principles.The man of principles Is the main hero of the novel who Is an elderly Magistrate living In a two order township which is remote from other words, of an indeterminate Empire. He has accountability and authority of keeping the outpost for the provision of the Empire but then loses his authority when the Empire sent armed forces to defend the town from the barbarians. The protagonist disputes the unjust conduct of the barbarians even though the Empire perceives them as a hazardous tribe getting ready to attack the base and clash against the Empire.When he returns an arrested barbarian woman, he expresses sympathy and cares to her people, but is blamed for reason and imprisoned like the barbarians. He becomes the subject of cruelty, shame and suffering. What is stimulating in the novel is that, the leading protagonist, at the end of his story, also turns out to be the other likewise the barbarian girl he cherished and aided In the beginning of his story. The Magistrate questions the power of the Empire's in which by this action, his process of otherness begins.To unite the girl with her tribe he reaches a decision to make an excursion and pass through the remote desert to the barbarians which is thought to attack the outpost. Through the journey in the desert his limits to the Empire comes loose and when he enters the realm of the other lots of things change in his mind. Similar to this subconsciously hard Journey, he also concludes a complex psychological Journey of unraveling himself from the Empire and from its ethical understanding.After his return, his otherness is completed while he is now viewed as a traitor and he is look upon as guilt-ridden as the barbarians without any doubts since the other is always the guil ty one. The Magistrate is essentially comfortable with his arrest while his otherness plaits his destiny and responsibility to the Empire and as the other and as the focus of torture and humiliation, the purification of his soul starts which he longs for. The Magistrate not once closes his eyes to the ferocity the Empire is expressing on the barbarians like the other members of the society.Although he knows that he will receive misfortune, he never acts as if he is assisting the act of torture. Therefore because of his ethics, he is corrected to be the other in his society. Nobody but the Magistrate is sore to the violence exemplified by the man of the Empire, Colonel Joel, UT Magistrate makes his ethical standpoint. As a consequence it can be said that, the system drives every character, individual and idea different than its prejudice, to its limits and penalizes every struggle to its self. Even if the struggle is against violence.I think by displaying how a group of people, with the authority to put fear in people's souls, can direct what is right and wrong, Cottage critiques the submissive and sightless members of the civilization. In the novel, how people can Just go with the crowd without even thinking once, is demonstrated very clearly. Even though people of the town knew for years that the barbarians were kind and mild people and even though Just like the Magistrate they know that truly they would not attack the town while it is not their style, they all watched the viciousness of the Empire's army embodying on them.More amazingly, although the crowd appreciated and liked the Magistrate when he was in the power and although he is one of them, they overlooked the agony he experienced. Furthermore they watch his suffering; the hanging, like observing a theatrical performance. Moreover they laugh. This clearly wows that fear from the other, results in carelessness and blindness. The novel in fact portrays the psychological self-journey of a man. His mind is like the antiquity of the town. The Magistrate's pastime is to excavate the skeletons of ancient houses and remains.He tries to comprehend the characters on wooden slips he found. Throughout the book, the pre-symbolic figures are always a mystery for him the same way his unconscious state of mind is a mystery. I think his diggings and findings of some ancient origins which he does not understand their meanings of, is symbol of self-discovery through his own past and mind. The ancient civilized society can signify his unconsciousness and the external; yet the reality he is living can symbolize his consciousness.Similarly, in the old characters, he believes he finds some hints about himself in his dreams. The olden writings are not available to his conscious as well as his unconscious. Through his dreams and his relationship with the barbarian girl. The Magistrate attempts to track the altered and tortured figure of the barbarian girl both in his dreams and in his washing ritual. I n accord to the Magistrate, the barbarian girl's body is a script to be deciphered in the same way the characters on the wooden slips he had excavated had been deciphered.Through her body and the ancient script he found, he actually touches on himself and his own longings, uncertainties and suppressed feelings. The matters observed and the pressures raised in Waiting for the Barbarians, cannot be cast off so effortlessly. Throughout this paper, I did my best to focus on how Cottage tests imperialism without even declaring its name through describing the self-journey and the inner self of a man of ethics.I reason that Cotter's use of torture chamber and his complete account of viciousness, agony and terror is the rebellious side of the book. The effect of terror and viciousness, both portrayed psychically and mentally in the story by the tortured figure of the barbarian girl and the account of the Magistrates mental state. Expressing torture to the narrator of the book is the way, wh ich makes the reader to observe the cruelty of the system. Cottage in reality creates a satirical comment about imperialism at the end of the novel by exposing the Empire's self-destruction.I would like to end my essay by giving the message that the Magistrate gives to Colonel Joel at the end of the book, in which I believe sums up the books missive which the author is giving to all societies and civilizations. I am saying all societies because in the book the location, the period or values of the Empire and the outpost is not stated. Likewise, excluding Colonel Joel, the characters in the book do not have names. Even the Magistrate, the main protagonist, is without name. He is the Magistrate. I reflect that by not centralizing and not naming the characters, theEmpire gives the reader a casual look to recognize with that culture and with the characters of the story more effortlessly. This vagueness styles the book to expose to all kind of imaginings and creates an accessibility to a ll civilizations. Correspondingly, as Cottage makes the story of fear and distress, he calls on every individual one by one, and therefore calls out to every society and culture. The Magistrate: â€Å"The crime that is latent in us we must inflict on ourselves,† I say. I nod and nod, driving the message at home. â€Å"Not on others, â€Å"l say: I repeat the words, pointing my chest, pointing at his. Daniel Defoe Gallery's Barbarians The alma of Susan Van Canteen Gallagher article, â€Å"Torture and the Novel: J. M. Cotter's ‘Walling for the Barbarians'† Is to untangle further what the book Walling for the Barbarians is saying about the human psyche and how the novel analyzes imperialism. By finding its fear on the issues about ethics and violence and discovering the bounds of human brutality, Waiting for the Barbarians tests humankind and imperialism in several ways. Offering a psychoanalytic debate of Waiting for the Barbarians, this reading concentrates on the Influence of fear in unman psyche and Imperialism self-destructive Influence.How far-offer and anxiety can go and how far affiliates of society can follow a blind power Is the mall fear of this essay. As Cotter's Waiting for the Barbarians is a figurative novel, this essay will try to understand the symbols created in relative to the pressures raised in the novel. The analysis of the accounts raised in the book, may be b roken down into the following mall modules. After gang brief evidence about the writer and the book In the overview, the essay will carry on with observing the characters as targets of theEmpire, which symbolizes the imperialist system. The first object is the barbarian girl, one in which will be studied in relation to her individualism as an outsider and as an enemy of the Empire. The Magistrate as the second victim and his self-journey will be perceived in relative to his calculation to come to be the other. Then in the next section, the Empire as the prey of itself and its self-destructive power will be recognized. At the conclusion, the knack to challenge Issues will be discussed.J_M_ Cottage Is a South African writer born In Cape Town In 1940. In relative to the writers experience, it is important to note that, this essay takes in thought Cotter's objection against imperialism and makes an examination of Waiting for the Barbarians depending on his defiance towards it. I think i n his novel Cottage disapproves of the imaginary unknown Empire and by doing this actually he takes away from Imperialist systems. Waiting for the Barbarians Is a novel about the impression of the torture chamber on the life of a man of principles.The man of principles Is the main hero of the novel who Is an elderly Magistrate living In a two order township which is remote from other words, of an indeterminate Empire. He has accountability and authority of keeping the outpost for the provision of the Empire but then loses his authority when the Empire sent armed forces to defend the town from the barbarians. The protagonist disputes the unjust conduct of the barbarians even though the Empire perceives them as a hazardous tribe getting ready to attack the base and clash against the Empire.When he returns an arrested barbarian woman, he expresses sympathy and cares to her people, but is blamed for reason and imprisoned like the barbarians. He becomes the subject of cruelty, shame and suffering. What is stimulating in the novel is that, the leading protagonist, at the end of his story, also turns out to be the other likewise the barbarian girl he cherished and aided In the beginning of his story. The Magistrate questions the power of the Empire's in which by this action, his process of otherness begins.To unite the girl with her tribe he reaches a decision to make an excursion and pass through the remote desert to the barbarians which is thought to attack the outpost. Through the journey in the desert his limits to the Empire comes loose and when he enters the realm of the other lots of things change in his mind. Similar to this subconsciously hard Journey, he also concludes a complex psychological Journey of unraveling himself from the Empire and from its ethical understanding.After his return, his otherness is completed while he is now viewed as a traitor and he is look upon as guilt-ridden as the barbarians without any doubts since the other is always the guil ty one. The Magistrate is essentially comfortable with his arrest while his otherness plaits his destiny and responsibility to the Empire and as the other and as the focus of torture and humiliation, the purification of his soul starts which he longs for. The Magistrate not once closes his eyes to the ferocity the Empire is expressing on the barbarians like the other members of the society.Although he knows that he will receive misfortune, he never acts as if he is assisting the act of torture. Therefore because of his ethics, he is corrected to be the other in his society. Nobody but the Magistrate is sore to the violence exemplified by the man of the Empire, Colonel Joel, UT Magistrate makes his ethical standpoint. As a consequence it can be said that, the system drives every character, individual and idea different than its prejudice, to its limits and penalizes every struggle to its self. Even if the struggle is against violence.I think by displaying how a group of people, with the authority to put fear in people's souls, can direct what is right and wrong, Cottage critiques the submissive and sightless members of the civilization. In the novel, how people can Just go with the crowd without even thinking once, is demonstrated very clearly. Even though people of the town knew for years that the barbarians were kind and mild people and even though Just like the Magistrate they know that truly they would not attack the town while it is not their style, they all watched the viciousness of the Empire's army embodying on them.More amazingly, although the crowd appreciated and liked the Magistrate when he was in the power and although he is one of them, they overlooked the agony he experienced. Furthermore they watch his suffering; the hanging, like observing a theatrical performance. Moreover they laugh. This clearly wows that fear from the other, results in carelessness and blindness. The novel in fact portrays the psychological self-journey of a man. His mind is like the antiquity of the town. The Magistrate's pastime is to excavate the skeletons of ancient houses and remains.He tries to comprehend the characters on wooden slips he found. Throughout the book, the pre-symbolic figures are always a mystery for him the same way his unconscious state of mind is a mystery. I think his diggings and findings of some ancient origins which he does not understand their meanings of, is symbol of self-discovery through his own past and mind. The ancient civilized society can signify his unconsciousness and the external; yet the reality he is living can symbolize his consciousness.Similarly, in the old characters, he believes he finds some hints about himself in his dreams. The olden writings are not available to his conscious as well as his unconscious. Through his dreams and his relationship with the barbarian girl. The Magistrate attempts to track the altered and tortured figure of the barbarian girl both in his dreams and in his washing ritual. I n accord to the Magistrate, the barbarian girl's body is a script to be deciphered in the same way the characters on the wooden slips he had excavated had been deciphered.Through her body and the ancient script he found, he actually touches on himself and his own longings, uncertainties and suppressed feelings. The matters observed and the pressures raised in Waiting for the Barbarians, cannot be cast off so effortlessly. Throughout this paper, I did my best to focus on how Cottage tests imperialism without even declaring its name through describing the self-journey and the inner self of a man of ethics.I reason that Cotter's use of torture chamber and his complete account of viciousness, agony and terror is the rebellious side of the book. The effect of terror and viciousness, both portrayed psychically and mentally in the story by the tortured figure of the barbarian girl and the account of the Magistrates mental state. Expressing torture to the narrator of the book is the way, wh ich makes the reader to observe the cruelty of the system. Cottage in reality creates a satirical comment about imperialism at the end of the novel by exposing the Empire's self-destruction.I would like to end my essay by giving the message that the Magistrate gives to Colonel Joel at the end of the book, in which I believe sums up the books missive which the author is giving to all societies and civilizations. I am saying all societies because in the book the location, the period or values of the Empire and the outpost is not stated. Likewise, excluding Colonel Joel, the characters in the book do not have names. Even the Magistrate, the main protagonist, is without name. He is the Magistrate. I reflect that by not centralizing and not naming the characters, theEmpire gives the reader a casual look to recognize with that culture and with the characters of the story more effortlessly. This vagueness styles the book to expose to all kind of imaginings and creates an accessibility to a ll civilizations. Correspondingly, as Cottage makes the story of fear and distress, he calls on every individual one by one, and therefore calls out to every society and culture. The Magistrate: â€Å"The crime that is latent in us we must inflict on ourselves,† I say. I nod and nod, driving the message at home. â€Å"Not on others, â€Å"l say: I repeat the words, pointing my chest, pointing at his.

What You Dont Know About Online Essay Writing Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

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The President Of The United States - 1105 Words

To the President of the United States I am writing to ask for your administration to support the development of initiatives and policies to stop the climate change. Four decades from now, we do not want to repeat the story in The Age of Stupid, movie in which a man lives in the devastated future world of 2055. The man looks back to today’s date and asks himself why we did not stop the climate change when we had the chance. However, today global warming is out of control, global temperatures are steadily rising. â€Å"The primary cause, a consensus of scientists has said, is the rising emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane† (Stone, 2013). The carbon dioxide (CO2) stays in the atmosphere for 50 to 100 years, nitrous oxide†¦show more content†¦The CO2 causes 54.7 percent of the warming, CH4 causes 30 percent, other gases cause 9.8 percent, N2O cause 4.9 percent and fluorinated gases cause 0.6 percent. We produce CO2 while burning fossil fue ls to produce electricity and heat building, burning gasoline to run vehicles and cutting down and burning trees. We produce CH4 when raising livestock. Cows and sheep produce methane while digesting food. Applying lots of fertilizers to the soil produce the N2O. We have to act now to control these human activities causing the increase of GHGs having an effect on global warming. Consequently, provoking a climate change and developing an awful weather prompting not only hurricanes, but also air pollution and droughts. Besides, an analysis published in scientific journals by climate scientists about anthropogenic global warming agrees, â€Å"97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming† (Cook, 2013). In other words, scientists agree that global temperatures are affected by human activities. For instance, Nigeria, the largest oil producer in Africa, is an example of how the burning of the oil affects the climate, increasing the emission of CO2. Th erefore, affecting the health and the living conditions of the people in Nigeria. The burning of the oil produces CO2, in this case man-made gas, to a point that pollutes the air and develops droughts in Nigeria. Even though Nigeria is rich in oil, theShow MoreRelatedThe President Of The United States1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe president is the most important job in the United States. Not the ruler of the United States ,but have some power over the country. The president of the United States is a person who symbolize the country and leads the country by making decisions of what is the best thing to do. The president needs to know about the past history such as the conflict of World War I and II and different events that led to violence in our own country. The president of the United States needs to know how the systemRead MoreThe President Of The United States1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe President of the United States is a well respect and immensely powerful position. Every 4 y ears, a new president is elected. Many highly respect individuals hold competition for this career, presenting their ideas and beliefs for the American people to support or refute. The United States current president, Barack Obama, is ending is 2nd term in office. This starts the debate and discussion of who will take his place as president. Currently, there is an enormous selection of individuals who peopleRead MoreThe President Of The United States777 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many flaws in the actions of the President of the United States using executive action to shape policies for the United States, but congress plays a major role in the reasons why there are so many issues pertaining to the use of executive action. Another flaw is that it is not spelled out in the constitution that the president is allowed to bypass congress on any issues that are not attended to. Congress makes a huge fuss about the president executing his executive actions but congressRead MorePresiden t Of The United States1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe President of the United States of America is literally the most important person on this planet. Why, you may ask? Well, that’s because, he is â€Å"in charge† of the most powerful and influential country of the world. Every decision he makes, in regard to America, can and will affect every other country in some sort of way. Presidents have so much power that every decision they make becomes news. Now, the next logical question would be, where does all this power come from? Who said it was okay forRead MorePresident Of The United States1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to become president of the United States, one must meet several qualifications. These include being a naturally born citizen of the United States who is at least 35 years old and has resided in the U.S. for at least fourteen years. Hillary Clinton meets all of these qualifications. Clinton was born on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois. Her cur rent age is 69. She was raised in Park Ridge, Illinois, which is a picturesque suburb located about fifteen miles from downtown Chicago (â€Å"HillaryRead MoreThe President Of The United States1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn every presidential election, political debates occur with the political party’s main candidate where they offer their views on running the country then citizens decide who should be the president of the United States. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale participated in their second debate against each other. Four panelists on the topic of defense and foreign policy issues would prompt the two candidates to certain issues of their concern. Some issues in the dispute that were discussedRead MoreThe President Of The United States930 Words   |  4 PagesThe President of the United States, Jackson M. Washington, was six-foot three-inch’s tall, athletic build, salt and pepper graying hair; he was fifty-three years old. He had served in the Marines after College for four years and ended up getting out as a Captain after his first hitch. From there he started his political career by volunteering for certain candidates for Congress and the Senate that had a message that resonated with him. Back then he switched party affiliations often, like changingRead MoreThe President Of The United States1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe leader of the country In the United States of America is called the President. The title President is derived from Latin, prae- before + sedere to sit. It originally designated the officer who presides over or sits before a gathering and ensures that debate is conducted according to the rules of order. The President is the brain for millions of government workers in the Executive Branch. And as well chooses how the laws of the United States are to be enforced along with singling outRead MoreThe President Of The United States Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout United States history, the A merican people voted for the President of the U.S. and for members of both chambers of Congress, and the 2016 election is not an exception. On November 9th, Donald J. Trump was declared to become the 45th President of the United States by attaining 306 electoral votes, which is clearly past the threshold of the required 270 electoral votes. However, after winning the popular vote in states Trump had won, some electors from those states have expressed their disappointmentRead MorePresident Of The United States860 Words   |  4 PagesA president of the United States must perform various roles such as, Chief Legislator, Commander in Chief, Chief Executive, Chief of State, Chief of Party, Chief Administrator, Chief Diplomat, and Chief Citizen. As the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton was a great president because of his performance in presidential roles and policies put forth during his presidency. According to Compton’s Encyclopedia, Bill Clinton was born in Hope, Arkansas. He attended several universities including